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Arterial stiffness increased around three-fold in those who were exposed to nicotine-containing e-cigarettes compared with the nicotine-free group. While the effects seen in the tests were temporary, Lundback said that chronic exposure to e-cigarettes with nicotine could have permanent effects.

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This became the most-cited statistic in the vaping debate

Animal study design Adult female sheep (ewes) were used in all experiments because male sheep are naturally more aggressive and thus not amenable for long-term experimentation without the use of general anesthesia