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The framing of smoking as unhygienic and immoral has intensified as smoking became more common in lower social strata (Graham 2012) and in the later stage of the cigarette epidemic, the stigmatization and exclusion of smokers is increasingly associated with social disadvantage (Dennis 2013

The enzyme cytochrome P450 system, notably CYP2A6, is the main form of biotransformation in nicotine metabolism

Do other members of your family have COPD, other lung conditions or liver disease

Since the year to September 2024 the incidence of Australians smoking FMCs has increased from 7.9% (1.67 million) to 8.3% (1.79 million) an increase 0.4% points (+120,000)