united states tobacco age use by state Figure 3.1.28, Percentage who currently smokeless tobacco, group and state; National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) 2006–2010; Raising the Legal Tobacco Age – File:Usa smoking age.png - Wikimedia

4 Viral interference and innate mucosal priming: a paradigm shift Recent translational evidence demonstrates that early epithelial interferon-stimulated genes (ISG) programs can limit SARS-CoV-2 infection independently of adaptive immunity, underscoring the biological plausibility of mechanisms acting at the mucosal surface prior to viral establishment ( One such mechanism is viral interference, a well-described phenomenon in respiratory virology, whereby infection or exposure to one virus can transiently reduce susceptibility to infection by another virus, often through interferon-mediated antiviral states in host cells ( Importantly, not all interferon responses are equivalent

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These differences between the two variables translate into a linear increase in the COPD risk with pack-years from practically the beginning, so that the lack of effect observed in duration is compensated by the effect observed in intensity