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" Bonsack Mach

Participants were asked about their smoking each year, which minimized recall bias and allowed us to model changes in smoking habits over time. Compared to those who never smoked, stable heavy smokers experienced the greatest decline in lung function as measured by FEV 1 , or the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled in one second (-42.2 mL/year)

The policy reflects broader efforts to curb smoking addiction but raises questions about potential increases in illegal trade

Similar effects to tobacco smoking include coronary artery risk, highlighting the need for further research into health consequences