tobacco short term effects of use on the body Primary health from smoking. Figure 1 used with permission from movement_is.medicine Follow for more medical – 10 Major Dangers of Smoking

Data source: Fingertips The rate of smoking-attributable hospital admissions was significantly above the national average (1,398 per 100,000) in Peterborough (1,524 per 100,000) in 2019/20, whilst they were below average in Cambridgeshire (1,317 per 100,000) (Office for Health Improvement and Disparities, 2023)

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We had weak instrument bias or false causal direction in several analyses, which hindered the causal inference on these associations

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