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Bias Steps to reduce bias were done by anonymizing responses, using a validated tool, and excluding individuals with known comorbidities that might complicate the results

Each time a smoker smokes, it reinforces a brain pathway that says, This is great, do it again. Because reward-based learning is about immediate satisfaction, and nicotine is fast-acting, smokers get stuck in a habit loop that is tough to interrupt

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Speaking to such an account, we conducted a multimodal meta-analytic assessment to determine if smoking-related structural decreases overlapped with nicotinic agonist-induced functional modulations and observed conjoint effects in the vmPFC, insula, and MD thalamus