Clinical trials showed modest fat loss of roughly 2-3 kg over 12 weeks, and the compound was never approved as a pharmaceutical because efficacy did not meet the threshold for drug registration (Heffernan et al., 2001)
It upregulates genes involved in collagen synthesis (COL1A1, COL3A1, COL5A1), extracellular matrix remodeling (decorin, fibromodulin), and antioxidant defense (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase) while simultaneously suppressing genes associated with inflammation (IL-6, TNF-alpha), fibrinogen production, and tissue destruction (several MMPs)
B12 may be injected into a muscle or beneath the skin at 100 mcg every day or alternate days for 7 days, and then every 3 or 4 days for a month
For B12 deficiency treatment , medical professionals may recommend injections: Every few days for the first 12 weeks