Peptides act as biological messengers, prompting the skin to produce collagen, elastin, and other proteins essential for a firm, smooth complexion
This process involves iron-dependent enzymes such as lipoxygenases, ferroptosis suppressor protein 1, glutathione peroxidase 4, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, and lysosomal iron release from ferritin [104]
An interesting pilot investigation by Lindschinger et al (2019) suggests that bioavailability of B vitamins (vitamin B1, B2, B6, B9 and B12) from food sources is similar to that provided by the same level of supplementation, with the exception of folate/folic acid where supplementation dramatically increased serum B9 level compared to folate from diet
The molecule is hydrophilic, readily soluble in aqueous media following appropriate reconstitution procedures