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It directly activates adenylyl cyclase in epidermal cells, leading to increased intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels, which in turn stimulate melanogenesis in melanocytes independent of MC1R function

AMPK plays a crucial role in promoting autophagy through various mechanisms

Glutathione used in skin care products has a strong sulphuric smell and can be easily incorporated into the water phase of product formulations

Ang II activates AT1 receptors, which can lead to various effects on vascular cells, including vasoconstriction, cell growth, and the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as pro-fibrogenic actions (Silva-Velasco et al., 2024)