Sublingual administration achieves 55% penetration after 10 minutes and approximately 70% after 30 minutes through oral epithelium
Substrates were added in a stepwise fashion in the following order (final concentrations) 0.2 mM palmitoyl carnitine, 1 mM malate, 4 mM ADP, 0.4 mM octanoyl carnitine, 5 mM pyruvate, 10 mM glutamate, 10 mM succinate, 1 M CCCP, 2 M rotenone, and 5 M Antimycin A
Researchers became interested in the combination after observing that glutathione levels tend to decline with age while oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction increase.59 The idea is that providing both cysteine and glycine may help the body rebuild glutathione more efficiently than either nutrient alone
(PubMed) Yes allergic reactions from mild rash/itching to severe anaphylaxis have been reported