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Moreover, mitochondrial dysfunction and related oxidative stress can activate the innate branch of the immune system, leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines influencing various depression-related pathophysiological mechanisms: monoaminergic neurotransmission disruption, tryptophan degradation toward neurotoxic catabolites, glutamate-related excitotoxicity, decreased neurotrophic factors and alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis [3, 33, 59]

Arginine and Citrulline and the immune response in sepsis

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In vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed that UroA is able to protect nerve cells and alleviate neurodegenerative processes such as those seen in Alzheimers disease, where autophagy and mitophagy play a significant role in the pathogenesis of such neurodegenerative diseases