Mechanistically, AC acts by inhibiting the Abelson (Abl) oncoprotein and modulating the downstream p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38-MAPK)/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway
Liposomal Glutathione is designed with that delivery approach in mind
In mitochondria, DHODH can reduce CoQ to ubiquinol (CoQH2), reducing oxygen free radicals, inhibiting the generation of phospholipid hydroperoxide (PLOOH), and inhibiting phospholipid peroxidation, thereby inhibiting ferroptosis
In some embodiments, the lipid-based drug delivery formulation or composition comprises a penetration enhancer (e.g., a low molecular weight alcohol (e.g., ethanol, oleyl alcohol), alkyl methanol sulphoxides, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, fatty amines (e.g., oleylamine), fatty acids (e.g., oleic acid, palmitoleic acid, linoleic acid, myristate acid), gluconic acid (the hexonic acid derived from glucose by oxidation of the aldehyde group at C-1 to a carboxyl group) and its derivatives, such as gluconolactone (especially, glucono-D-lactone, a chelating agent produced by the oxidation of glucose), azone and propylene glycol, singly or in combination)