Ghrelin, secreted by EECs in the stomach, is an orexigenic (appetite stimulating) peptide, and cholecystokinin primarily secreted from the proximal small intestine by I cells in response to fat and protein promotes the release of bile into the duodenum, inhibits gastric emptying, and stimulates exocrine pancreatic and gastric acid secretion 87
This includes upregulation of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase) that protect against oxidative damage, enhancement of growth factor expression (TGF-, VEGF, PDGF) that supports tissue repair, and suppression of inflammatory gene expression that contributes to chronic skin degradation
Pull air into the syringe up to the required amount (which is typically 10 mL, but check your pharmacy information to be sure)
Another study reported the opposite finding where baseline serum total ghrelin levels were decreased in early abstinent individuals (72 h) relative to non-abstinent alcohol dependents (Leggio et al., 2012)
